Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating ScaleHigher the score, greater the severity of catatoniaLoading...ExcitementAbsent0Excessive motion; intermittent+1Constant motion; hyperkinetic without rest periods+2Full-blown catatonic excitement; endless frenzied motor activity+3Immobility/stuporAbsent0Sits abnormally still; may interact briefly+1Virtually no interaction with external world+2Stuporous; non-reactive to painful stimuli+3MutismAbsent0Verbally unresponsive to majority of questions; incomprehensible whisper+1Speaks < 20 words per 5 min+2No speech+3StaringAbsent0Poor eye contact; repeatedly gazes < 20 sec between shifting of attention; decreased blinking+1Gaze held longer than 20 sec; occasionally shifts attention+2Fixed gaze; non-reactive+3Posturing/cataplexyAbsent0< 1 min+1> 1 min to < 15 min+2Bizarre posture, or mundane > 15 min+3GrimacingAbsent0< 10 sec+1< 1 min+2Bizarre expression(s) or maintained > 1 min+3Echopraxia/echolaliaAbsent0Occasional+1Frequent+2Constant+3StereotypyAbsent0Occasional+1Frequent+2Constant+3MannerismsAbsent0Occasional+1Frequent+2Constant+3VerbigerationAbsent0Occasional+1Frequent; difficult to interrupt+2Constant+3RigidityAbsent0Mild resistance+1Moderate+2Severe; cannot be repostured+3NegativismAbsent0Mild resistance and/or occasionally contrary+1Moderate resistance and/or frequently contrary+2Severe resistance and/or continually contrary+3Waxy flexibilityAbsent0Present+3WithdrawalAbsent0Minimal PO intake/interaction for < 1 day+1Minimal PO intake/interaction for > 1 day+2No PO intake/interaction for ≥ 1 day+3ImpulsivityAbsent0Occasional+1Frequent+2Constant or not redirectable+3Automatic obedienceAbsent0Occasional+1Frequent+2Constant+3MitgehenAbsent0Present+3Oppositional paratoniaAbsent0Present+3AmbitendencyAbsent0Present+3Grasp reflexAbsent0Present+3PerseverationAbsent0Present+3CombativenessAbsent0Occasionally strikes out; low potential for injury+1Frequently strikes out; moderate potential for injury+2Serious danger to others+3Autonomic abnormalityAbsent0Abnormality of 1 parameter (excluding pre-existing hypertension)+1Abnormality of 2 parameters+2Abnormality of ≥3 parameters+3사용 적응증통찰 및 주의사항