Cardiac Output (P)

normal ranges: 3.5-5.5 L/min

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normal ranges: 3.5-5.5 L/min

L/beat
beats/min

References

  1. Xavier Monnet. ESICM guidelines on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring 2025.. Intensive care medicine, 2025
  2. Shashank S Sinha. 2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: An ACC Expert Consensus Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Cardiogenic Shock: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee.. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2025
  3. Bruno Levy. Association between mean hemodynamic variables during the first 24 h and outcomes in cardiogenic shock: identification of clinically relevant thresholds.. Critical care (London, England), 2025
  4. Jane G Wigginton. Part 9: Adult Advanced Life Support: 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.. Circulation, 2025
  5. Luiz Campedelli. Non-arterial line cardiac output calculation misclassifies exercise pulmonary hypertension and increases risk of data loss particularly in black, Scleroderma, and Raynaud's patients during invasive exercise testing.. The European respiratory journal, 2024
  6. NA. Cardiac output-guided haemodynamic therapy for patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery: OPTIMISE II randomised clinical trial.. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2024
  7. Johannes Grand. Serial assessments of cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation in comatose patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.. Critical care (London, England), 2023
  8. M. Unterhuber. Cardiac output states in patients with severe functional tricuspid regurgitation: impact on treatment success and prognosis. European Journal of Heart Failure, 2021
  9. A. Opotowsky. Thermodilution vs Estimated Fick Cardiac Output Measurement in Clinical Practice: An Analysis of Mortality From the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking (VA CART) Program and Vanderbilt University. JAMA Cardiology, 2017
  10. Mik Wetterslev. Systematic review of cardiac output measurements by echocardiography vs. thermodilution: the techniques are not interchangeable.. Intensive care medicine, 2016
  11. Rupert M Pearse. Effect of a perioperative, cardiac output-guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm on outcomes following major gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review.. JAMA, 2014